本文目录
- 天圆地方用英语怎么说
- 求关于蘑菇的英文介绍
- 发动机MDS是什么发动机
- 9.4升全铝合金hemi v8发动机双涡轮增压器以及双喷射系统
- 关于北京奥运会鸟巢和水立方的英语简介
- 座头鲸的英文介绍,急求,谢了
天圆地方用英语怎么说
the dome-like heaven embraces the vast earth 天圆地方是中国古代的宇宙观之一——盖天说。这是创立于商代的在中国居于统治地位的学说，认为天是帽子，地是棋盘，天圆地方，当然天比要地大一些了。hemispherical dome cosmology (天圆地方说) 引自《汉字英释大辞典》. hemisphere
求关于蘑菇的英文介绍
Usually known as the mushroom fungus is in a class, that is, the fruiting bodies of fungi burden. The burden is the fruiting bodies of fungi growing on the ground floor, looks very much like to play in the Village of an umbrella. On the ground floor there is albicans filamentous, spread all over the mycelium, which is the burden of nutrition-related bacteria, that is, non-reproductive organs. To a certain temperature and humidity conditions, to obtain mycelial enough nutrients on the fruit began to take shape. In the early fruiting body as eggs exposed on the ground, rapidly developed into a fruiting body, Jungai, stipe, up bacteria, fungi such as the ring. Mature fruit body shape, size, height, color, texture, and so very different. The large-diameter up to about 40 cm high up to about 50 cm; little less than half centimeters in diameter, 1 cm high, however. It will now be part of the description of the characters are as follows: Jungai fruiting body is the most obvious, like a hat. Wide variety of shapes, there are common bell-shaped, hats shaped, hemispherical, flat-shaped, funnel-shaped, and so on. Jungai color complex, although basically can identify white, yellow, brown, gray, red, green, purple color, and so on, but there are all kinds of deep color, light, light, strong differences are more common Mixed color. Young and old when they cooked the color can be different from the edge of the central government and the color is often the difference. Surface dry, wet, sticky, smooth, rough, and with a variety of adjunct: cilia, the ring pattern, and so on a variety of scales. These appendage of the shape, size, color and have all kinds of changes. Jungai the edge of the shape is not the same, with young ripe can be completely different shape. After the maturity period can be divided into the general volume, roll back, Shangqiao, such as the extension. There are all-around edge and tidy, while others are not neat or Chengbo Lang-torn. Jungai surface of the cortex. Mycelium in the cortex, with different colors, so Jungai a different color. The following is the cortex bacteria of meat, usually long-filamentous mycelium, and some expansion of the bubble by the cystic component of mycelium. Strain meat color, as well as injured after the color change as a result of the type often vary. General bacteria mostly white meat or white pollution, and some were yellow or red, and so on. Boletus bacteria such as meat and more injured after a blue, black mushrooms thin fold into the red after the first change in black, crimping net fold after injury bacteria become brown, and black wax into a black umbrella after injury. Hymenium body is in the long Jungai have the following part of the hymenium, and some were leafy, Miller called the fold. Some were tube, called the control bacteria. Chengfangshezhuang Junzhe order to connect the central stipe at the top of the outside cover to reach the edge of Miller, hymenium arranged on both sides of the fold in the vaccine, or in the presence of the bacteria around inside the tube.
发动机MDS是什么发动机
MDS是英文Multi Displacement System的简称，翻译成中文就是多段式排气量调节系统。它作为奔驰特有的发动机技术，随着1998年戴姆勒?奔驰与克莱斯勒的联姻，也逐渐被克莱斯勒旗下众多车型所采用，其中就包括装备了5.7升V型8缸HEMI发动机的05款大切诺基。
9.4升全铝合金hemi v8发动机双涡轮增压器以及双喷射系统
Hemi是源于“hemispherical”一词的缩写，是由于发动机采用了半球形燃烧室而得名，Hemi发动机自上个世纪五十年代起就已经诞生，至今已繁衍了半个多世纪。其特点是发动机气缸的进排气门采用倾斜角度布置，以更好的利用气流提升气缸的进排气效率，气缸燃烧室因此而呈半球形，这种气缸结构设计一直沿用至今。“HEMI”发动机最早出现在1948年，当时开发了一款用于捷豹汽车的6缸HEMI发动机，随后在1951年，克莱斯勒汽车公司发布了180马力的V-8“HEMI”发动机，排量5.4升(331立方英寸)，因此被命名为“331 HEMI”。虽然180马力对于现代发动机算不得什么，可在当时，这是一个难以触及的动力巅峰，由此开辟了HEMI的传奇时代。『331 HEMI发动机』 相对于HEMI的半球缸盖，平顶缸盖发动机是上世纪50年代大多数车型的首选，因为这样的结构制造成本更低。平顶燃烧室发动机的进排气门安排在发动机一侧，由凸轮轴直接驱动而省略了挺杆和摇臂系统。与同时代发动机相比，早期HEMI发动机的最大优势在于燃烧室效率，使得它能产生更强大的功率。HEMI 发动机的燃烧室顶部呈半球状，火花塞通常安装在燃烧室的顶部中央，进排气门分列在燃烧室两侧。 上世纪70年代后，HEMI发动机的表现已经大不如前了，新的发动机技术如多气门结构、可变气门升程和点火提前角技术、稀薄燃烧和缸内直喷技术等让人眼花缭乱的新鲜事物已经把曾经辉煌的HEMI徽标淹没了。就在人们已经把HEMI逐渐遗忘时，克莱斯勒发布了全新的5.7升HEMI V-8发动机。『HEMI 5.7L V8发动机』 HEMI V-8发动机可以在40毫秒内实现4缸模式和8缸模式之间自动平顺转换，在发动机的不需要全功率运转时，可以瞬间关闭四个汽缸，而在需要时，MDS又可以迅速恢复汽缸工作以释放发动机的全部功率，从而将燃油经济性大大提高，燃油压缩比为7.5:1，这项技术可以保证车辆的综合油耗降低20%。
关于北京奥运会鸟巢和水立方的英语简介
“WaterCube“inBeijingOlympicPark,whichwiththewallseparatingthe“Bird’sNest“andknownastheBeijingOlympicGamesalongwiththetwolandmarkbuildings.December24,2003,theNationalSwimmingCenter(WaterCube)andtheNationalStadium(Bird’sNest)atthesametimeunderconstruction.NationalSwimmingCenter,generalmanagerofConwaysaidthatthebluecolorofthewatermoleculesintheeastbuildingandthe“Bird’sNest“,aroundone,reflectingChina’s“hemisphericaldome“buildingconcept.Withthemainstadium“Bird’sNest“designthanthe“WaterCube“reflectsthemorewomenlikesoft,onemasculine,onefeminine,insharpcontrasttothehighlyvisualimpact.“水立方”位于北京奥林匹克公园内，它与一墙之隔的“鸟巢”一起被并称为北京奥运会两大标志性建筑物。2003年12月24日，国家游泳中心(水立方)与国家体育场(鸟巢)同时开工建设。国家游泳中心公司总经理康伟说，这个湛蓝色的水分子建筑与东面的“鸟巢”，一圆一方，体现了中国“天圆地方”建筑理念。与主场馆“鸟巢”的设计相比，“水立方”体现了更多的女性般的柔美，一个阳刚，一个阴柔，形成鲜明对比，在视觉上极具冲击力。
座头鲸的英文介绍,急求,谢了
Humpback WhaleThe Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a baleen whale. One of the larger rorqual species, adults range in length from 12–16 metres (40–50 ft) and weigh approximately 36,000 kilograms (79,000 lb). The Humpback has a distinctive body shape, with unusually long pectoral fins and a knobbly head. It is an acrobatic animal, often breaching and slapping the water. Males produce a complex whale song, which lasts for 10 to 20 minutes and is repeated for hours at a time. The purpose of the song is not yet clear, although it appears to have a role in mating.Found in oceans and seas around the world, Humpback Whales typically migrate up to 25,000 kilometres each year. Humpbacks feed only in summer, in polar waters, and migrate to tropical or sub-tropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter. During the winter, Humpbacks fast and live off their fat reserves. The species’ diet consists mostly of krill and small fish. Humpbacks have a diverse repertoire of feeding methods, including the spectacular bubble net fishing technique.Like other large whales, the Humpback was and is a target for the whaling industry. Due to over-hunting its population fell by an estimated 90% before a whaling moratorium was introduced in 1966. Stocks of the species have since partially recovered, however entanglement in fishing gear, collisions with ships, and noise pollution also remain concerns. There are at least 70,000 humpback whales worldwide. once hunted to the brink of extinction, Humpbacks are now sought out by whale-watchers, particularly off parts of Australia and the United States. On November 18, 2007 a Japanese fleet set off for the first time in decades to hunt the humpback in the South Pacific.Humpback Whales are rorquals (family Balaenopteridae), a family that includes the Blue Whale, the Fin Whale, the Bryde’s Whale, the Sei Whale and the Minke Whale. The rorquals are believed to have diverged from the other families of the suborder Mysticeti as long ago as the middle Miocene. However, it is not known when the members of these families diverged from each other.Though clearly related to the giant whales of the genus Balaenoptera, the Humpback has been the sole member of its genus since Gray’s work in 1846. More recently though, DNA sequencing analysis has indicated both the Humpback and the Gray Whale are close relatives of the Blue Whale, the world’s largest animal. If further research confirms these relationships, it will be necessary to reclassify the rorquals.The Humpback Whale was first identified as “baleine de la Nouvelle Angleterre“ by Mathurin Jacques Brisson in his Regnum Animale of 1756. In 1781, Georg Heinrich Borowski described the species, converting Brisson’s name to its Latin equivalent, Balaena novaeangliae. Early in the 19th century Lacépède shifted the Humpback from the Balaenidae family, renaming it Balaenoptera jubartes. In 1846, John Edward Gray created the genus Megaptera, classifying the Humpback as Megaptera longpinna, but in 1932, Remington Kellogg reverted the species names to use Borowski’s novaeangliae.Humpback Whales can easily be identified by their stocky bodies with obvious humps and black dorsal colouring. The head and lower jaw are covered with knobs called tubercles, which are actually hair follicles and are characteristic of the species. The tail flukes, which are lifted high in the dive sequence, have wavy rear edges.The long black and white tail fin, which can be up to a third of body length, and the pectoral fins have unique patterns, which enable individual whales to be recognised. Several suggestions have been made to explain the evolution of the Humpback’s pectoral fins, which are proportionally the longest fins of any cetacean. The two most enduring hypotheses are the higher maneuverability afforded by long fins, or that the increased surface area is useful for temperature control when migrating between warm and cold climates.Humpbacks have 270 to 400 darkly coloured baleen plates on each side of the mouth. Ventral grooves run from the lower jaw to the umbilicus about halfway along the bottom of the whale. These grooves are less numerous (usually 16–20) and consequently more prominent than in other rorquals. The stubby dorsal fin is visible soon after the blow when the whale surfaces, but has disappeared by the time the flukes emerge. Humpbacks have a distinctive 3 m (10 ft) bushy blow.Newborn calves are roughly the length of their mother’s head. A 50’ mother would have a 20’ newborn weighing in at 2 tons! They are nursed by their mothers for approximately six months, then are sustained through a mixture of nursing and independent feeding for possibly six months more. Some calves have been observed alone after arrival in Alaskan waters. Females reach sexual maturity at the age of five with full adult size being achieved a little later. According to new research, males reach sexual maturity at approximately 7 years of age. Fully grown the males average 15–16 m (49–52 ft), the females being slightly larger at 16–17 m (52–56 ft), with a weight of 40,000 kg (or 44 tons); the largest recorded specimen was 19 m (62 ft) long and had pectoral fins measuring 6 m (20 ft) each. The largest Humpback on record, according to whaling records, was killed in the Caribbean. She was 88 feet long, weighing nearly 90 tons!Females have a hemispherical lobe about 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter in their genital region. This allows males and females to be distinguished if the underside of the whale can be seen, even though the male’s penis usually remains unseen in the genital slit. Male whales have distinctive scars on heads and bodies, some resulting from battles over females.Females typically breed every two or three years. The gestation period is 11.5 months, yet some individuals can breed in two consecutive years. Humpback Whales were thought to live 50 - 60 years, but new studies using the changes in amino acids behind eye lenses proved another baleen whale, the Bowhead, to be 211 years old. This was an animal taken by the Inuit off Alaska. More studies on ages are currently being done.The varying patterns on the Humpback’s tail flukes are sufficient to identify an individual. Unique visual identification is not possible in most cetacean species (exceptions include Orcas and Right Whales), so the Humpback has become one of the most-studied species. A study using data from 1973 to 1998 on whales in the North Atlantic gave researchers detailed information on gestation times, growth rates, and calving periods, as well as allowing more accurate population predictions by simulating the mark-release-recapture technique. A photographic catalogue of all known whales in the North Atlantic was developed over this period and is currently maintained by Wheelock College. Similar photographic identification projects have subsequently begun in the North Pacific by SPLASH (Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpbacks), and around the world.Social structure and courtship：Humpbacks frequently breach, throwing two thirds or more of their body out of the water and splashing down on their back.Humpbacks frequently breach, throwing two thirds or more of their body out of the water and splashing down on their back.The Humpback social structure is loose-knit. Usually, individuals live alone or in small transient groups that assemble and break up over the course of a few hours. Groups may stay together a little longer in summer in order to forage and feed cooperatively. Longer-term relationships between pairs or small groups, lasting months or even years, have been observed, but are rare. Recent studies extrapolate feeding bonds observed with many females in Alaskan waters over the last 10 years. It is possible some females may have these bonds for a lifetime. More studies need to be done on this. The range of the Humpback overlaps considerably with many other whale and dolphin species — whilst it may be seen near other species (for instance, the Minke Whale), it rarely interacts socially with them. Humpback calves have been observed in Hawaiian waters playing with bottlenose dolphin calves.Courtship rituals take place during the winter months, when the whales migrate towards the equator from their summer feeding grounds closer to the poles. Competition for a mate is usually fierce, and female whales as well as mother-calf dyads are frequently trailed by unrelated male whales dubbed escorts by researcher Louis Herman. Groups of two to twenty males typically gather around a single female and exhibit a variety of behaviours in order to establish dominance in what is known as a competitive pod. The displays may last several hours, the group size may ebb and flow as unsuccessful males retreat and others arrive to try their luck. Techniques used include breaching, spy-hopping, lob-tailing, tail-slapping, flipper-slapping, charging and parrying. “Super pods“ have been observed numbering more than 40 males, all vying for the same female. (M. Ferrari et. al)Whale song is assumed to have an important role in mate selection; however, scientists remain unsure whether the song is used between males in order to establish identity and dominance, between a male and a female as a mating call, or a mixture of the two. All these vocal and physical techniques have also been observed while not in the presence of potential mates. This indicates that they are probably important as a more general communication tool. Recent studies showed singing males attract other males. Scientists are extrapolating possibilities the singing may be a way to keep the migrating populations connected. (Ferrari, Nicklin, Darling, et. al.) Studies on this are ongoing.Feeding：A group of 15 whales bubble net fishing near Juneau, AlaskaA group of 15 whales bubble net fishing near Juneau, AlaskaThe species feeds only in summer and lives off fat reserves during winter. Humpback Whales will only feed rarely and opportunistically while in their wintering waters. It is an energetic feeder, taking krill and small schooling fish, such as herring (Clupea harengus), salmon, capelin (Mallotus villosus) and sand lance (Ammodytes americanus) as well as Mackerel (Scomber scombrus), pollock (Pollachius virens) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in the North Atlantic. It hunts fish by direct attack or by stunning them by hitting the water with its flippers or flukes.A pair of Humpback Whales feeding by lunging.A pair of Humpback Whales feeding by lunging.The Humpback has the most diverse repertoire of feeding methods of all baleen whales.Humpback Whales are preyed upon by Orcas. The result of these attacks is generally nothing more serious than some scarring of the skin, but it is likely that young calves are sometimes killed.Song：Both male and female Humpback Whales can produce sounds, however only the males produce the long, loud, complex “songs“ for which the species is famous. Each song consists of several sounds in a low register that vary in amplitude and frequency, and typically lasts from 10 to 20 minutes. Songs may be repeated continuously for several hours; Humpback Whales have been observed to sing continuously for more than 24 hours at a time. As cetaceans have no vocal cords, whales generate their song by forcing air through their massive nasal cavities.Whales within an area sing the same song, for example all of the Humpback Whales of the North Atlantic sing the same song, and those of the North Pacific sing a different song. Each population’s song changes slowly over a period of years —never returning to the same sequence of notes.Scientists are still unsure of the purpose of whale song. only male Humpbacks sing, so it was initially assumed that the purpose of the songs was to attract females. However, many of the whales observed to approach singing whales have been other males, with the meeting resulting in a conflict. Thus, one interpretation is that the whale songs serve as a threat to other males.Population and distribution：The Humpback whale is found in all the major oceans, in a wide band running from the Antarctic ice edge to 65° N latitude, though is not found in the eastern Mediterranean, the Baltic Sea or the Arctic Ocean. There are at least over 70,000 humpback whales worldwide, with 10,000-25,000 in the North Pacific, nearly 12,000 in the North Atlantic, and over 50,000 in the Southern Hemisphere, down from a pre-whaling population of 125,000.The Humpback is a migratory species, spending its summers in cooler, high-latitude waters, but mating and calving in tropical and sub-tropical waters. Annual migrations of up to 25,000 kilometres (16,000 statute miles) are typical, making it one of the farthest-travelling of any mammalian species.A 2007 study identified seven individual whales wintering off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica as those which had made a trip from the Antarctic of around 8,300 km. Identified by their unique tail patterns, these animals have made the longest documented migration by a mammal.In Australia, two main migratory populations have been identified, off the west and east coast respectively. These two populations are distinct with only a few females in each generation crossing between the two groups.Whaling：One of the first attempts to hunt the humpback whale was made by John Smith in 1614 off the coast of Maine. Opportunistic killing of the species is likely to have occurred long before, and it continued with increasing pace in the following centuries. By the 18th century, the commercial value of Humpback Whales had been recognized, and they became a common target for whalers for many years.By the 19th century, many nations (and the United States in particular), were hunting the animal heavily in the Atlantic Ocean — and to a lesser extent in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. However, it was the introduction of the explosive harpoon in the late 19th century that allowed whalers to accelerate their take. This, coupled with the opening-up of the Antarctic seas in 1904, led to a sharp decline in all whale populations.It is estimated that during the 20th century at least 200,000 Humpbacks were taken, reducing the global population by over 90%, with the population in the North Atlantic estimated to have dropped to as low as 700 individuals. one of the greatest of our many environmental crimes.“By the time the International Whaling Commission (IWC) members agreed on a moratorium on Humpback hunting in 1966, the whales were so scarce that commercial hunting was no longer worthwhile. At this time, 250,000 were recorded killed. However, the true toll is likely to be significantly higher. It is now known that the Soviet Union was deliberately under-recording its kills; the total Soviet Humpback kill was reported at 2,820 whereas the true number is now believed to be over 48,000.As of 2004, hunting of Humpback Whales is restricted to a few animals each year off the Caribbean island Bequia in the nation of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The take is not believed to threaten the local population.Conservation:Internationally this species is considered vulnerable. Most monitored stocks of Humpback Whales have rebounded well since the end of the commercial whaling era,Today, individuals are vulnerable to collisions with ships, entanglement in fishing gear, and noise pollution.The ingestion of saxitoxin, a PSP (paralytic shellfish poison) from contaminated mackerel has been implicated in Humpback Whale deaths.Some countries are creating action plans to protect the Humpback; for example, in the United Kingdom, the Humpback Whale has been designated as a priority species under the national Biodiversity Action Plan, generating a set of actions to conserve the species. The sanctuary provided by National Parks such as Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve and Cape Hatteras National Seashore, among others, have also become a major factor in sustaining the populations of the species in those areas.Although much was known about the Humpback Whale due to information obtained through whaling, the migratory patterns and social interactions of the species were not well known until two separate studies by R. Chittleborough and W. H. Dawbin in the 1960s. Their analysis of whale song led to worldwide media interest in the species, and left an impression in the public mind that whales were a highly intelligent cetacean species, a contributing factor to the anti-whaling stance of many countries.